ENTGT

Full Name :Hewlett-Packard (HP)

In The Beginning…
The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for navigation. Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibniz invented a special stepped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used. The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibniz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included:

Accumulation of partial results
Storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function)
Printing of the results
Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science.

Babbage
ImageWhile Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting developments in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by Charles Babbage (left, of which the computer store “Babbages, now GameStop, is named), a mathematics professor. In 1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations, especially those needed to make mathematical tables, were really a series of predictable actions that were constantly repeated. From this he suspected that it should be possible to do these automatically. He began to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a difference engine. By 1822, he had a working model to demonstrate with. With financial help from the British government, Babbage started fabrication of a difference engine in 1823. It was intended to be steam powered and fully automatic, including the printing of the resulting tables, and commanded by a fixed instruction program. The difference engine, although having limited adaptability and applicability, was really a great advance. Babbage continued to work on it for the next 10 years, but in 1833 he lost interest because he thought he had a better idea — the construction of what would now be called a general purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. Babbage called this idea an Analytical Engine. The ideas of this design showed a lot of foresight, although this couldn’t be appreciated until a full century later. The plans for this engine required an identical decimal computer operating on numbers of 50 decimal digits (or words) and having a storage capacity (memory) of 1,000 such digits. The built-in operations were supposed to include everything that a modern general – purpose computer would need, even the all important Conditional Control Transfer Capability that would allow commands to be executed in any order, not just the order in which they were programmed. The analytical engine was soon to use punched cards (similar to those used in a Jacquard loom), which would be read into the machine from several different Reading Stations. The machine was supposed to operate automatically, by steam power, and require only one person there. Babbage‘s computers were never finished. Various reasons are used for his failure. Most used is the lack of precision machining techniques at the time. Another speculation is that Babbage was working on a solution of a problem that few people in 1840 really needed to solve. After Babbage, there was a temporary loss of interest in automatic digital computers. Between 1850 and 1900 great advances were made in mathematical physics, and it came to be known that most observable dynamic phenomena can be identified by differential equations(which meant that most events occurring in nature can be measured or described in one equation or another), so that easy means for their calculation would be helpful. Moreover, from a practical view, the availability of steam power caused manufacturing (boilers), transportation (steam engines and boats), and commerce to prosper and led to a period of a lot of engineering achievements. The designing of railroads, and the making of steamships, textile mills, and bridges required differential calculus to determine such things as:

center of gravity
center of buoyancy
moment of inertia
stress distributions
Even the assessment of the power output of a steam engine needed mathematical integration. A strong need thus developed for a machine that could rapidly perform many repetitive calculations.

Use of Punched Cards by Hollerith
Image A step towards automated computing was the development of punched cards, which were first successfully used with computers in 1890 by Herman Hollerith (left) and James Powers, who worked for the US. Census Bureau. They developed devices that could read the information that had been punched into the cards automatically, without human help. Because of this, reading errors were reduced dramatically, work flow increased, and, most importantly, stacks of punched cards could be used as easily accessible memory of almost unlimited size. Furthermore, different problems could be stored on different stacks of cards and accessed when needed. These advantages were seen by commercial companies and soon led to the development of improved punch-card using computers created by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington (yes, the same people that make shavers), Burroughs, and other corporations. These computers used electromechanical devices in which electrical power provided mechanical motion — like turning the wheels of an adding machine. Such systems included features to:

feed in a specified number of cards automatically
add, multiply, and sort
feed out cards with punched results
As compared to today’s machines, these computers were slow, usually processing 50 – 220 cards per minute, each card holding about 80 decimal numbers (characters). At the time, however, punched cards were a huge step forward. They provided a means of I/O, and memory storage on a huge scale. For more than 50 years after their first use, punched card machines did most of the world’s first business computing, and a considerable amount of the computing work in science.

Electronic Digital Computers
ImageThe start of World War II produced a large need for computer capacity, especially for the military. New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential data were needed. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly (left), and their associates at the Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high – speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator) The size of ENIAC‘s numerical “word” was 10 decimal digits, and it could multiply two of these numbers at a rate of 300 per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was therefore about 1,000 times faster then the previous generation of relay computers. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. It had punched card I/O, 1 multiplier, 1 divider/square rooter, and 20 adders using decimal ring counters, which served as adders and also as quick-access (.0002 seconds) read-write register storage. The executable instructions making up a program were embodied in the separate “units” of ENIAC, which were plugged together to form a “route” for the flow of information. ImageThese connections had to be redone after each computation, together with presetting function tables and switches. This “wire your own” technique was inconvenient (for obvious reasons), and with only some latitude could ENIAC be considered programmable. It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is commonly accepted as the first successful high – speed electronic digital computer (EDC) and was used from 1946 to 1955. A controversy developed in 1971, however, over the patentability of ENIAC‘s basic digital concepts, the claim being made that another physicist, John V. Atanasoff (left) had already used basically the same ideas in a simpler vacuum – tube device he had built in the 1930’s while at Iowa State College. In 1973 the courts found in favor of the company using the Atanasoff claim.

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The Modern Stored Program EDC
Image Fascinated by the success of ENIAC, the mathematician John Von Neumann (left) undertook, in 1945, an abstract study of computation that showed that a computer should have a very simple, fixed physical structure, and yet be able to execute any kind of computation by means of a proper programmed control without the need for any change in the unit itself. Von Neumann contributed a new awareness of how practical, yet fast computers should be organized and built. These ideas, usually referred to as the stored – program technique, became essential for future generations of high – speed digital computers and were universally adopted.

The Stored – Program technique involves many features of computer design and function besides the one that it is named after. In combination, these features make very – high – speed operation attainable. A glimpse may be provided by considering what 1,000 operations per second means. If each instruction in a job program were used once in consecutive order, no human programmer could generate enough instruction to keep the computer busy. Arrangements must be made, therefore, for parts of the job program (called subroutines) to be used repeatedly in a manner that depends on the way the computation goes. Also, it would clearly be helpful if instructions could be changed if needed during a computation to make them behave differently.

Von Neumann met these two needs by making a special type of machine instruction, called a Conditional control transfer – which allowed the program sequence to be stopped and started again at any point – and by storing all instruction programs together with data in the same memory unit, so that, when needed, instructions could be arithmetically changed in the same way as data. As a result of these techniques, computing and programming became much faster, more flexible, and more efficient with work. Regularly used subroutines did not have to be reprogrammed for each new program, but could be kept in “libraries” and read into memory only when needed. Thus, much of a given program could be assembled from the subroutine library.

The all – purpose computer memory became the assembly place in which all parts of a long computation were kept, worked on piece by piece, and put together to form the final results. The computer control survived only as an “errand runner” for the overall process. As soon as the advantage of these techniques became clear, they became a standard practice.

Image Image

The first generation of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements were built in 1947. This group included computers using Random – Access – Memory (RAM), which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information. . These machines had punched – card or punched tape I/O devices and RAM’s of 1,000 – word capacity and access times of .5 Greek MU seconds (.5*10-6 seconds). Some of them could perform multiplications in 2 to 4 MU seconds.

Physically, they were much smaller than ENIAC. Some were about the size of a grand piano and used only 2,500 electron tubes, a lot less then required by the earlier ENIAC. The first – generation stored – program computers needed a lot of maintenance, reached probably about 70 to 80% reliability of operation (ROO) and were used for 8 to 12 years. They were usually programmed in ML, although by the mid 1950’s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of computers included EDVAC (above) and UNIVAC (right) the first commercially available computers.

Advances in the 1950’s
Early in the 50’s two important engineering discoveries changed the image of the electronic – computer field, from one of fast but unreliable hardware to an image of relatively high reliability and even more capability. These discoveries were the magnetic core memory and the Transistor – Circuit Element. These technical discoveries quickly found their way into new models of digital computers. RAM capacities increased from 8,000 to 64,000 words in commercially available machines by the 1960’s, with access times of 2 to 3 MS (Milliseconds). These machines were very expensive to purchase or even to rent and were particularly expensive to operate because of the cost of expanding programming. Such computers were mostly found in large computer centers operated by industry, government, and private laboratories – staffed with many programmers and support personnel.

This situation led to modes of operation enabling the sharing of the high potential available. One such mode is batch processing, in which problems are prepared and then held ready for computation on a relatively cheap storage medium. Magnetic drums, magnetic – disk packs, or magnetic tapes were usually used. When the computer finishes with a problem, it “dumps” the whole problem (program and results) on one of these peripheral storage units and starts on a new problem. Another mode for fast, powerful machines is called time-sharing. In time-sharing, the computer processes many jobs in such rapid succession that each job runs as if the other jobs did not exist, thus keeping each “customer” satisfied. Such operating modes need elaborate executable programs to attend to the administration of the various tasks.

Advances in the 1960’s
In the 1960’s, efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computer with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the LARC machine, built for the Livermore Radiation Laboratories of the University of California by the Sperry – Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a base memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 Greek MU seconds. Stretch was made with several degrees of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less then 1 Greek MU Second and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100,000,000 words. During this period, the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of capabilities and prices, as well as accessories such as:

Consoles
Card Feeders
Page Printers
Cathode – ray – tube displays
Graphing devices
These were widely used in businesses for such things as:

Accounting
Payroll
Inventory control
Ordering Supplies
Billing
CPU’s for these uses did not have to be very fast arithmetically and were usually used to access large amounts of records on file, keeping these up to date. By far, the most number of computer systems were sold for the more simple uses, such as hospitals (keeping track of patient records, medications, and treatments given). They were also used in libraries, such as the National Medical Library retrieval system, and in the Chemical Abstracts System, where computer records on file now cover nearly all known chemical compounds.

More Recent Advances
The trend during the 1970’s was, to some extent, moving away from very powerful, single – purpose computers and toward a larger range of applications for cheaper computer systems. Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, now used computers of smaller capability for controlling and regulating their jobs.

In the 1960’s, the problems in programming applications were an obstacle to the independence of medium sized on-site computers, but gains in applications programming language technologies removed these obstacles. Applications languages were now available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for using machine tools with computers, and for many other things. Moreover, a new revolution in computer hardware was under way, involving shrinking of computer-logic circuitry and of components by what are called large-scale integration (LSI techniques.

In the 1950s it was realized that “scaling down” the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and by that, improve performance, if they could only find a way to do this. About 1960 photo printing of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became more developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by the same process. In the 1970’s, vacuum deposition of transistors became the norm, and entire assemblies, with adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny “chips.”

In the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The “shrinking” trend continued with the introduction of personal computers (PC’s), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PC’s in the 1970s, encouraged in part by a fad in computer (video) games. In the 1980s some friction occurred in the crowded PC field, with Apple and IBM keeping strong. In the manufacturing of semiconductor chips, the Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s, although Japanese firms were making strong economic advances, especially in the area of memory chips.

By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second. Microprocessors equipped with read-only memory (ROM), which stores constantly used, unchanging programs, now performed an increased number of process-control, testing, monitoring, and diagnosing functions, like automobile ignition systems, automobile-engine diagnosis, and production-line inspection duties. Cray Research and Control Data Inc. dominated the field of supercomputers, or the most powerful computer systems, through the 1970s and 1980s.

In the early 1980s, however, the Japanese government announced a gigantic plan to design and build a new generation of supercomputers. This new generation, the so-called “fifth” generation, is using new technologies in very large integration, along with new programming languages, and will be capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence, such as voice recognition.

Progress in the area of software has not matched the great advances in hardware. Software has become the major cost of many systems because programming productivity has not increased very quickly. New programming techniques, such as object-oriented programming, have been developed to help relieve this problem. Despite difficulties with software, however, the cost per calculation of computers is rapidly lessening, and their convenience and efficiency are expected to increase in the early future. The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking, computer mail, and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in recent years. Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers offering the promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most, if not all homes, offices, and schools.



Source

1279 BC Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great becomes Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (19th Dynasty)
70 Rome captures 1st wall of the city of Jerusalem

1223 Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River - Mongol armies of Genghis Khan lead by Subutai defeat Kievan Rus and Cumans.


1417 Jacoba of Bavaria becomes countess of Holland/Zealand/Henegouwen
1495 Emperor Maximilian, Pope Alexander VI, Milan, King Ferdinand, Isabella & Venice sign anti-French Saint League
1531 "Women's Revolt" in Amsterdam: wool house in churchyard aborted
1578 Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich, England, to Frobisher Bay, Canada. Eventually mines fools gold, famously used to pave the streets of London.
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1621 Sir Francis Bacon imprisoned in the Tower of London for 1 night



1634 The colony of Massachusetts Bay annexes Maine colony
1659 Netherlands, England and France sign Treaty of The Hague
1665 Jerusalem's rabbi Sjabtai Tswi proclaims himself Messiah
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1669 Citing poor eyesight, English civil servant Samuel Pepys records the last event in his famous diary

1696 John Salomonsz elected chief of Saint-Eustatius
1727 France, Britain & Netherlands sign accord of Paris
1744 French troops conquer Kortrijk

1759 The Province of Pennsylvania bans all theater productions
1790 US copyright law enacted
1790 Alferez Manuel Quimper explores the Strait of Juan de Fuca
1813 In Australia, Lawson, Blaxland and Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland, marking the end of a route across the Blue Mountains
1821 Cathedral of Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary, 1st US Catholic cathedral, is dedicated in Baltimore
1836 HMS Beagle anchors in Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope
1837 Astor Hotel opens in NYC, it later becomes the Waldorf-Astoria
1847 Rotterdam-Hague Railway opens
1849 Last edition of Orange sheet "Journal de La Haye"
1853 Elisha Kane's Arctic expedition leaves NY aboard Advance
1859 Philadelphia A's organize to play "town ball" became baseball 20 years later

1861 General Beauregard is given command of Confederate Alexandria Line
1861 Mint at New Orleans closes
1862 Battle of Seven Pines Virginia (Fair Oaks)
1864 Raid at Morgan's Kentucky
1868 1st Memorial Day parade held in Ironton, Ohio
1868 Dr James Moore (UK) wins 1st recorded bicycle race, (2k) velocipede race at Parc fde St Cloud, Paris
1870 Congress passes 1st Enforcement Act (rights of blacks)
1870 E J DeSemdt patents asphalt pavement
1875 Reciprocity Treaty between US & Hawaii ratified
1878 German battleship SMS Grosser Kurfürst sinks, 284 killed
1878 US Congress accepts decrease in dollar circulation
1879 1st electric railway opens at Berlin Trades Exposition
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1879 Madison Square Garden opens in New York, named after 4th President James Madison


1880 League of American Wheelmen (1st US bicycle association), forms in Newport, Rhode Island
1883 French fleet under Pierre begins siege of Tamatave, Madagascar
1884 Dr John Harvey Kellogg patents "flaked cereal"
1889 Johnstown Flood; 2,209 die in Penn
1891 Work on trans-Siberian railway begins
1893 Whitcomb Judson, Chicago, patents a hookless fastening (zipper)
1899 -June 5] Conference of Bloemfontein fails
1899 Bronx acquires Keltch Memorial Park
1900 British troops under Lord Roberts occupy Johannesburg
1900 Piet de Law captures Lt Col BE Spragges, 13th Battalion Irish Imperial Yeomanry
1900 Tom Hayward scores 1,000th cricket run of season (sets record 1074)
1900 US troops arrive in Beijing, help put down Boxer Rebellion


1901 At the opening of the Greek National Assembly, Prince George, High Commissioner of Crete, asks it to endorse the union of Crete with Greece; the proposal is later rejected
1902 Australia Cricket all out 36 v England, Edgbaston, their lowest ever
1902 Boer War Ends; Treaty of Unity signed, Britain annexes Transvaal
1902 Labor trouble and riots lead Spanish King Alfonso XII to impose martial law
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1905 Emperor Wilhelm II lands in Tanger



1906 Attack on King Alfonso XIII & Victoria of Battenberg in Madrid
1907 Taxis 1st began running in NYC
1908 Miss Pottelsberghe de la Pottery is 1st airplane passenger (Belgium)
1909 National Conference on the Negro holds its first meeting in United Charities Building, New York (earlier form of the NAACP)
1910 Cape of Good Hope becomes part of Union of South Africa
1910 Glenn Curtiss flies from Albany to NYC
1910 Union of South Africa declares its independence from the United Kingdom
1911 RMS Titanic launched in Belfast

1911 Mexican President Porfirio Díaz flees the country during the Mexican Revolution
1912 US marines land on Cuba
1913 17th amendment (direct election of senators) declared ratified
1913 Alexis Ahlgren runs world record maraton (2:36:06.6)
1914 Chicago White Sox Joe Benz no-hits Cleveland Indians, 6-1
1915 An LZ-38 Zeppelin makes an air raid on London
1915 Indianapolis 500: Ralph DePalma wins in 5:33:55.619 (144.583 km/h)
BattleBattle of Jutland
1916 Battle of Jutland: Largest naval battle of World War I between the British Grand Fleet and the German High Seas Fleet which killed 8,645 in an inconclusive battle but strategic British


1916 Battle of Jutland: British battle cruiser HMS Invincible explodes, only 6 crew members survive
1919 NC-4 aircraft commanded by AC Read completes 1st crossing of Atlantic
1919 Indianapolis 500: Howdy Wilcox wins in 5:40:42.930 (141.703 km/h)
1920 Indianapolis 500: Gaston Chevrolet wins in 5:38:31.901 (142.617 km/h)
1921 Suffy McInnis (1st base) begins an errorless string of 1,700
1923 China & USSR exchange diplomats
1923 The South African Indian Congress (SAIC) forms in Durban, South Africa, with Omar Hajee Amod Jhaveri as President
1924 China recognizes the USSR
1926 Portuguese president Bernardino Machedo resigns after coup
1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition opens in Philadelphia
1926 Indianapolis 500: Frank Lockhart wins in 5:12:48.768 (154.343 km/h)
1927 Tiger 1st baseman Johnny Neun makes an unassisted triple play
1928 1st aerial crossing of Pacific takes off from Oakland
1928 Charlie Hallows scores his 1,000th run of Cricket season
1929 Atlantic City Convention Center opens

1930 Don Bradman scores his 1,000th run of the English cricket season


1930 Building begins on Albert Canal in Belgium
1930 Comet 73P/1930 (Schwassmann-Wachmann 3) approaches 0.0617 AUs of Earth
1931 7.1 magnitude Earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan: 40,000 dead.
1931 36th Men's French Championships: Jean Borotra beats Christian Boussus (2-6, 6-4, 7-5, 6-4)
Sport awardTennis Open
1931 36th Women's French Championships: Cilly Aussem beats Betty Nuthall (8-6, 6-1)


1935 7.7 magnitude earthquake hits Quetta in Balochistan, British Raj (Pakistan) killing an estimated 50,000 people
1937 1st quadruplets to finish college (Baylor University)
1937 Brooklyn Dodgers snap NY Giant Carl Hubbell's 24-game winning streak
1937 German warships bombard Almeria, Spain
1937 Indianapolis 500: Wilbur Shaw wins in 4:24:07.861 (182.789 km/h)
1938 Bill Edrich scores his 1,000th run of cricket season, all at Lord's

1940 Major General Bernard Montgomery leaves Dunkirk

1940 Winston Churchill flies to Paris to meet with French Marshal Philippe Pétain who announces he is willing to make a separate peace with Germany


1941 -June 1) 32.0 cm rain falls on Burlington Kansas (state record)
1941 1st issue of "Parade" goes on sale

1941 German occupiers forbids Jews access to beach & swimming pools
1941 A Luftwaffe air raid in Dublin, in neutral Ireland, claims 38 lives.
Sport awardGolf Major
1942 25th PGA Championship: Sam Snead at Seaview CC Atlantic City NJ

1942 U-boats sink and damage 146 allied ships this month (722,666 tons)
1943 "Archie" comic strip 1st broadcast on radio
1943 Cards Mort Cooper pitches 1st of back-to-back one-hitters
1943 42 U-boats sunk by the Allies this month
1944 Allied breakthrough in Italy

1947 79th Belmont: Ruperto Donoso aboard Phalanx wins in 2:29.6
1947 Communists seize power in Hungary
1947 Eastern DC-4 crashes between Ft Deposit & Perryville Md, kills 53
1947 Italian government of Gasperi forms
1948 Tommy Lasorda strikes out 25 Amsterdam Rugmakers (in 15 innings)
1948 Indianapolis 500: Mauri Rose wins in 4:10:23.286 (192.822 km/h)
1949 31st PGA Championship: Sam Snead at Hermitage CC Richmond VA
1949 Charley Lupica begins stay on 4 foot square platform atop a 60' pole, vowing to stay until Indians clinch pennant. (They don't, & stays 117 days)
1950 Indianapolis 500: Due to rain, race shortened to 345 miles, Johnny Parson wins
1950 Laker takes 14-12-2-8 in Test Cricket trial
1951 Netherlands & South Africa sign cultural accord
1953 Lebanese president Camille Shamun disbands government
1953 WSUN TV channel 38 in St Petersburg-Tampa, FL (IND) 1st broadcast
1954 Indianapolis 500: Bill Vukovich wins in 3:49:17.261 (210.567 km/h)
1955 Construction begins on Soviet cosmodrome launch facilities
1955 Great Britain proclaims emergency crisis due to rail strike
1955 US Supreme Court orders school integration "with all deliberate speed"
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1956 Mickey Mantle HR just misses clearing Yankee Stadium's roof

1957 Great Britain performs nuclear test at Christmas Island (atmospheric)
1958 Dick Dale invents "surf music" with "Let's Go Trippin"
1958 US performs nuclear test at Bikini Island (atmospheric tests)
1958 57th Men's French Championships: Mervyn Rose beats Luis Ayala (6-3, 6-4, 6-4)
1958 57th Women's French Championships: Zsuzsi Kormoczy beats Shirley Bloomer (6-4, 1-6, 6-2)
1959 Mickey Wright wins LPGA Cavalier Golf Open
1961 Arthur Michael Ramsey appointed the 100th Archbishop of Canterbury
1961 Chuck Berry's amusement park, Berryland in St Louis, opens
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1961 JFK visits Charles de Gaulle in Paris


1961 Judge Irving Kaufman orders Board of Ed of New Rochelle, to integrate
1961 Union of South Africa becomes a republic, leaves Commonwealth
1961 6th European Cup: Benfica beats Barcelona 3-2 at Bern
1962 "Tell It To Groucho" last airs on CBS-TV
1962 The West Indies Federation dissolves.
1964 Charles Schmid kills first Pied Piper victim
1964 Ruth Jessen wins LPGA Babe Didrikson-Zaharias Golf Open
1964 SF Giants beat NY Mets, 8-6, in 23 innings (2nd game) (7 hrs 32 mins)
1965 Jim Clark becomes 1st foreigner in 49 years to win Indianapolis 500 - 3:19:05.370 (242.506 km/h)
1965 12th National Film Awards (India): "Charulata" wins the Golden Lotus
1967 Bayern Munchen of West Germany wins 7th European Cup Winner's Cup against Rangers of Scotland 1-0 in Nuremberg
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1967 Indianapolis 500: A. J. Foyt wins in 3:18:24.211 (243.344 km/h)


1968 Movie star James Stewart retires from the US Air Force after 27 years of service


1969 "Dear World" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 132 performances
1969 "Gitarzan" by Ray Stevens peaks at #8
Event of interestEvent of Interest
1969 John Lennon and Yoko Ono record "Give Peace a Chance"


1969 Stevie Wonder releases "My Cherie Amore"

1970 7.75 Ancash earthquake off coast of Peru kills 66-70,000 and sets off world's deadliest avalanche
1970 KDUB TV channel 40 in Dubuque, IA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1970 Shirley Englehorn wins LPGA O'Sullivan Ladies' Golf Open
1971 WDXR (now WKPD) TV channel 29 in Paducah, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1972 16th European Cup: Ajax beats Internazionale 2-0 at Rotterdam
1973 Glenn Turner scores his 1,000th run of English cricket season
1974 Israel and Syria sign an agreement concerning Golan Heights
1974 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR

1975 "Goodtime Charley" closes at Palace Theater NYC after 104 performances
1975 Fred Newman makes 12,874 baskets in a one-day exhibition
1975 "Fight the Power" single released by The Isley Brothers (Billboard Song of the Year 1975)
1976 The Who set the record for the loudest concert of all time, 120 decibels at 50 metres, at The Valley in Charlton
1977 "Beatlemania" opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 920 performances
1977 Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani becomes heir apparent to throne of Qatar
1977 Trans Alaska oil pipeline completed
1979 "I Remember Mama" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 108 performances
1979 Radio City Music Hall (NYC) reopens
1980 "Love Stinks" by J. Geils Band peaks at #38
1980 Police & youthful rebels battle in Zurich
1981 Cathy Reynolds wins LPGA Golden Lights Golf Championship
1982 "Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opens at Eugene O'Neill Theater NYC for 63 performances
1983 37th NBA Championship: Philadelphia 76ers sweep LA Lakers in 4 games
1984 57th National Spelling Bee: Daniel Greenblatt wins spelling luge
1984 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1984 Viv Richards hits 189* (170 balls) v England, ODI cricket record
1985 Guatemala adopts constitution
1985 New Orleans Saints are sold for $70,204,000
1985 Tornadoes in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York State and Canada kill 88 and injure more than 1,000
1985 Tornado outbreak in United States and Canada sees 41 tornadoes hit Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario, leaving 44 dead
1985 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) became a Schedule I drug in the United States.
1987 Cindy Rarick wins LPGA Corning Golf Classic
1987 Saul Ballesteros drives 3 golf balls off Mt McKinley, Alaska
1987 Stanley Cup: Edmonton Oilers beat Philadelphia Flyers, 4 games to 3
1989 "Rambling with Gambling" 20,000th radio program on WOR-AM (NYC)
1989 1st International Rock Awards
1989 1st presentation of rock 'n' roll Elvis awards
1989 Speaker of US House of Representatives Jim Wright resigns
1990 63rd National Spelling Bee: Amy Marie Dimak wins spelling fibranne
1990 BPAA US Women's Bowling Open won by Dana Miller-Mackie
1990 NYC's Zodiac killer shoots 3rd victim, Joseph Ponce
Appears on tv showTelevision Debut
1990 Seinfeld starring Jerry Seinfeld, debuts on NBC as Seinfeld Chronicles


1991 Sides in Angola sign a treaty ending 16 year civil war
1992 "The 1992 Boat Show" - the final episode of US comedy series "Night Court" - airs on NBC-TV
1992 46th Tony Awards: Dancing at Lughnasa & Crazy For You win
1992 5th Children's Miracle Network Telethon raises $1,060,000
1992 Barb Mucha wins LPGA Oldsmobile Golf Classic
1993 President Dobrica Ćosić of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia flees

1994 Padres scores 13 in 2nd vs Pirates
1996 Mark Van Thillo and Abigail Alling, former biospherian win $100,000 lawsuit against Biospheric Development for Space Biospheres Ventures
1997 "Once Upon a Matress" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 187 performances
1997 The Confederation Bridge opens, linking Prince Edward Island with mainland New Brunswick
1999 NHL Eastern Conference Final: Buffalo Sabres beat Toronto Maple Leafs, 4 games to 1
2002 The New Jersey Nets defeat the Boston Celtics 96-88 in Game 6 of the NBA's Eastern Conference Championship, winning the series 4 games to 2 to advance to their first NBA Finals appearance.

2002 NHL Western Conference Final: Detroit Red Wings beat Colorado Avalanche, 4 games to 3

1431  Hundred Years' War: 19 year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal in Rouen, France

inherit;">th 1966.  He was however forced out of office via military coup spearheaded by Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emanuel Ifeajuna in January 1966.  The coup brought in Aguiyi Ironsi as the commander-in-chief. The coup was bloody and it led to the takeover of all institutions of government.  Many people died as a result, including Tafawa Balewa, Ahamdu Bello, Samuel Akintola, Festus Okotie-Eboh, who was the finance minister. The president, Nnamdi Azikiwe was out of the country when the coup was taking place.